Model Test Paper 2- Pharmacist Exam

1. For free flowing solid which type of mixer used -Single & double cone blender
2. In triple roller mill rollers are made up - Stainless steel
3. Glycerin & syrup are added in elixir to - Increase the solubility to drug
4. Bulk powder which are used internally- Antacid
5. Quantity less than ___ can't be weighed conveniently - 100 mg

MCQ On HAP

1. Which type of cartilage are present at the end of bones -Hyaline cartilage
2. Which tissue is responsible for the tensile strength and elasticity  -Areolar tissue
3. Tendons and ligaments are the example of - Dense regular connective tissue
4. Blood,bone, cartilage are the  example of -Connective tissue
5. Smooch muscle is the - Involuntary and visceral

MCQ On HAP.

1. Back side of body is called -Dorsal side
2. Angiology is the study of-Blood circulation 
3. Chondrology is the study of- Cartilage
4. Study of microscopic structure of structure is called-Histology
5. Which branch deals with study of ears- Otology

Asthma

World Asthma Day is celebrated on first Tuesday of the fifth month every year. It is going to be observed on the 06th of May, 2014. 

Unfortunately…asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases, with an estimated 300 million individuals affected worldwide.

Fortunately… asthma can be effectively treated and most patients 

can achieve good control of their disease. 

When asthma is under control patients can: 

•  Avoid troublesome symptoms night and day 
•  Use little or no reliever medication 
•  Have productive, physically active lives 
•  Have (near) normal lung function 
•  Avoid serious attack

Magnitude of the disease 

•  India has an estimated 15-20 million asthmatics. 
• In India, rough estimates indicate a prevalence of between 10% and 15% in 5-11 year old children.

What is asthma? 

Asthma is a lung disease that makes breathing difficult. Chronic inflammation and reactions to triggers narrow the airways in the lungs. Asthma can become life-threatening if it is not managed.

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma? 

• Coughing 
•  Wheezing (whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing) 
• Shortness of breath 
• Chest tightness 

What may trigger an asthma attack? 

• A cold, the flu, or a sinus infection 
•  Exercise 
• Weather changes, especially cold, dry air 
• Smoking or secondhand smoke 
• Fumes from chemicals, dust, air pollution, or other small particles in the air 
• Pets, pollen, dust mites, or cockroaches

How is asthma treated? 

•  Medicines decrease inflammation, open airways, and make it easier to breathe. 
• Medicines may be inhaled, taken as a pill, or injected.
• Short-term medicines relieve your symptoms quickly (Relievers). Long-term medicines are used to prevent future attacks (Controllers). Patient may also need medicine to help control their allergies.

What are controllers? 

• Controllers are medicines that prevent asthma attacks from starting. There are two types of controller medicines anti-inflammatory medicines and airway openers. 
• Anti-inflammatory medicines work by reducing the inflammation in the airways that occurs in asthma. The most effective and most commonly used anti-inflammatory medicines are inhaled glucocorticosteroids, such as budesonide, beclomethasone and fluticasone. 
• Airway openers, which are also known as bronchodilators, are medicines that help to prevent attacks progressing by quickly opening up the narrowed airways. They do this by relaxing the muscles surrounding the airways. Long-acting airway openers, including formoterol and salmeterol, are effective as controllers when they are used regularly with an inhaled glucocorticosteroid. 

What are relievers? 

• Relievers or airway openers are medicines that provide rapid relief from an asthma attack by quickly opening up the narrowed airways (dilating the bronchi). They do this by relaxing the muscles surrounding the airways. The most widely used short- and quick-acting airway openers are salbutamol and terbutaline. 

When should patients seek immediate care? 

• You have severe shortness of breath. 
• Your lips or nails turn blue or gray. 
• The skin around your neck and ribs pulls in with each breath. 
• You have shortness of breath, even after you take your short-term medicine as directed.

ORS (Oral Rehydration Salt)

ORS (Oral Rehydration Salts) Day is celebrated every year on 29th July to highlight the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts as cost effective method of health intervention.

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT), a simple, cost-effective treatment given at home using either packets of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) or a simple home solution of sugar, salt and water can prevent about 90% of child deaths from diarrhoeal dehydration.

Dehydration from diarrhea can be prevented by giving extra fluid at home, or it can be treated simply and effectively by giving ORS solution. ORS contains a variety of salts (electrolytes) and sugar. The combination of electrolyte and sugar stimulates water and electrolytes absorption from gut. It therefore prevent or reverse dehydration and replace lost salts in condition such as diarrhoea and vomiting. ORS is available in the market in a powder form in sachets/readymade solution or one can easily make it at home as well.

How to prepare ORS drink available in powder form?

1. Put the content of the ORS packet in a clean container. Check the packet for direction and add the amount of clean water indicated. Too little water could make the diarrhoea worsen.
2. Add water only do not add ORS to milk, soup, fruit juice or any soft drinks. Do not add sugar.
3. Stir well and
4. Feed it to the child from a clean cup. Do not use a bottle.

How to prepare an ORS solution at home?

If ORS packets are not available, you can prepare it at home as well

• Clear water- 1 litre- 5cup ful (each cup about 200ml)
• Sugar- Six level teaspoons(1 teaspoon =5 grams)
• Salt-Half level teaspoon
•  Stir the mixture till the sugar dissolves the homemade solution is adequate in most cases and vary effectively for rehydration. Be very careful to mix the correct amounts. Too much sugar can make the diarrhoea worsen and too much salt can be extremely harmful to child.

How to store the ORS solution?

The ORS solution should be covered and not kept more than 24 hrs. Due to the risk of bacterial      contamination.

 Can ORS solution be used for everyone?

ORS is safe and can be used to treat anyone suffering from diarrhoea, before a detailed diagnosis is done by the doctor. Adults need rehydration treatment as much as children, although children must always be treated immediately because they become dehydrated more quickly.

PHARMACIST GRADE II, EXAM DATE:21-10-2015

1.Physotigmine act as a cholinergic drug by:

A.Directly binding with nicotinic receptors

B.Binding with Muscarinic receptors

C.Inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme

D.Bind with B1 receptors

PHARMACIST GRADE II SOLVED PAPER EXAM DATE:08-12-2016

1.The ability of the firm to meet its current liability is measured by

A.Selvency ratio

B.Liquidity ratio*

C.Activity ratio

D.Profitability ratio

Cervical Cancer

CERVICAL CANCER 

What is cervical cancer?

 Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. Cancer is always named for the part of the body where it starts, even if it spreads to other body parts later. When cancer starts in the cervix, it is called cervical cancer. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus. The cervix connects the vagina (the birth canal) to the upper part of the uterus. The uterus (or womb) is where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. Cervical cancer is the easiest gynaecologic cancer to prevent with regular screening tests and follow-up. It also is highly curable when found and treated early. 

What increases risk for cervical cancer? 

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection 
• Smoking cigarettes,Age older than 60 & Being overweight 
• Use of certain hormone or fertility medicine
• A family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer
• Exposure to diethyl stilbestrol (DES) when mother was pregnant 

Signs and symptoms of cervical cancer 

• Unusual vaginal bleeding after sex 
• Vaginal bleeding or discharge between your normal monthly periods 
• Vaginal bleeding or discharge after menopause 
• Pelvic pain or low back pain 
• Swelling in your legs from fluid build-up 

How is cervical cancer diagnosed?

•  A Pap smear is done during a pelvic exam to check for abnormal cells in the cervix. Cells are collected and tested for cancer or HPV. 
•  A colposcopy is a procedure used to look more closely at cervix and vagina. 
• A biopsy is a small sample of tissue removed from cervix. The tissue is sent to the lab and tested for cancer. The sample may be taken during a colposcopy or a cervical cone biopsy. 
•  A CT or MRI may show the location and size of the cancer. Patient may be given contrast liquid to help the cancer show up better in pictures. 

How is cervical cancer treated?

•  Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells with high-energy x-ray beams.
•  Chemotherapy is medicine given to kill cancer cells.
• Targeted therapy is medicine given to kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells. 
•  Surgery may be needed to remove the cervical cancer. Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and uterus may be removed if the cancer has spread to these areas. All or part of vagina, bladder, or end of bowel may also be removed. 

How can I prevent cervical cancer?

•  See doctor regularly for a Pap test that can find cervical pre cancers. 
• Get the HPV vaccine. It protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers

Respiratory System

Human Anatomy & Physiology

1. The movement of air within the repiratory system is correctly referred to as-Ventilation
2. Which reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm-Hiccup
3. The amount of air that can not be expelled is the-Residual volume
4. The internal nares will open into the-Nasal cavity
5. Tidal volume is air-Exchanged during normal breathing
6. Possible causes of hypoxia include-Too little oxygen in the atmosphere
7. The lung volume that represent the the total volume of exchangeable air is the-Vital capacity
8. Respiratory control centers are located in the -Medulla and pons
9. Surfactants helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by-Interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecule,thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
10. The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers,the-Visceral and parietal pleurae